What are the main examination items in endocrinology?

Endocrinology Examination Items

The primary examination items in endocrinology encompass blood glucose testing, thyroid function assessment, sex hormone level analysis, adrenal function evaluation, and bone density measurement. These tests encompass various aspects of the endocrine system, assisting physicians in comprehensively understanding patients' health status and providing precise diagnostic and treatment recommendations. Details are as follows:

1. Blood Glucose Testing

Blood glucose testing is a vital method to assess pancreatic function and blood glucose levels, primarily used for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes. Common blood glucose tests include fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Fasting blood glucose measures glucose levels in a fasting state, while postprandial blood glucose measures levels after eating. HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over the past few months.

2. Thyroid Function Testing

Thyroid function testing assesses the functional status of the thyroid gland. Common tests include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). These tests aid in diagnosing hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). TSH testing is the most commonly used screening method, and further T3 and T4 testing is often conducted if TSH levels are abnormal.

3. Sex Hormone Level Testing

Sex hormone level testing evaluates gonadal function, with common tests including estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These tests assist in diagnosing polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hypogonadism, infertility, and other issues. Changes in sex hormone levels impact reproductive health and sexual function, emphasizing the importance of regular testing for diagnosing and treating related conditions.

4. Adrenal Function Testing

Adrenal function testing primarily involves assessing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline to evaluate adrenal gland function. Cortisol is a primary stress hormone, while aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance. Abnormal adrenal function can lead to diseases like Cushing's syndrome and primary hyperaldosteronism.

5. Bone Density Testing

Bone density testing assesses bone health status, aiding in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and other conditions. By measuring bone density, the strength and density of bones can be determined, thereby evaluating fracture risk. Common bone density testing methods include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS).

In conclusion, endocrinology examination items cover various endocrine functions, encompassing blood glucose testing, thyroid function assessment, sex hormone level analysis, adrenal function evaluation, and more, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of patients' endocrine health.