Genetic Diseases: An Overview and Prevention Strategies

Genetic diseases are conditions caused by changes in genetic material or disorders controlled by therapeutic genes. Primarily determined by genetic factors, these diseases can be fully or partially hereditary, often congenital but also potentially acquired. Their onset varies, with some symptoms becoming apparent immediately after birth, while others may take years to manifest. Currently, over 3,000 genetic diseases have been identified, and it is estimated that 3-10 out of every 100 births involve some degree of genetic disorder. Let's delve into the ten most common genetic diseases.

1. Hypertension

Genetic Risk: ★★★★★

Scientists have successfully bred a "genetically spontaneous hypertensive" rat, demonstrating hypertension's strong genetic link. Most scholars consider hypertension a polygenic disease. Family studies show that children of hypertensive parents have a 45% chance of developing hypertension, 28% if only one parent is hypertensive, and just 3% if both parents have normal blood pressure. Prevention involves:

• Monitoring blood pressure at least annually.
• Reducing salt intake and increasing potassium-rich foods.
• Preventing overweight and obesity.
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption.

2. Diabetes

Genetic Risk: ★★★★★

Diabetes, particularly type 2, has a marked genetic predisposition. Family studies reveal a 15-20 times higher risk of diabetes in children with diabetic parents. Prevention focuses on:

• Balancing calorie intake with physical activity.
• Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and dairy.
• Regular weight monitoring and adjustment of diet and exercise as needed.

3. Asthma

Genetic Risk: ★★★★★

Genetic factors outweigh environmental ones in asthma. Children of asthmatic parents have a 60% chance of developing asthma if both parents have it, 20% if one parent does, and just 6% if neither parent has asthma. Family history of allergies also increases risk. Prevention includes:

• Avoiding allergens and triggers.
• Maintaining clean living and working environments.
• Quitting smoking and preventing respiratory infections.

4. Depression

Genetic Risk: ★★★★★

Depression has a strong genetic component. Relatives of depressed individuals are 10-30 times more likely to develop depression, with closer blood ties increasing risk. Prevention involves early detection and treatment for symptoms like mood changes, weight fluctuations, sleep disturbances, and suicidal thoughts.

5. Dyslipidemia

Genetic Risk: ★★★

Dyslipidemia, or abnormal blood lipid levels, can be genetic. Family-based dyslipidemia is common and treatable through:

• A balanced diet low in fats and high in vitamins and fibers.
• Regular exercise to manage weight and promote healthy lipid metabolism.

6. Breast Cancer

Genetic Risk: ★★★

Breast cancer has a familial tendency, with 5-10% of cases being familial. Risk increases 1.5-3 times with a first-degree relative's history and sevenfold with two such relatives. Early detection and self-examination are crucial.

7. Gastric Cancer

Genetic Risk: ★★★

Gastric cancer exhibits familial clustering, with first-degree relatives having a threefold increased risk. Prevention includes healthy lifestyle choices, monitoring for Helicobacter pylori infection, and early detection through screening.

8. Colorectal Cancer

Genetic Risk: ★★★

Familial colorectal cancer accounts for 10-15% of cases. Those with a family history are 2-4 times more likely to develop it. Prevention involves a healthy diet, avoiding processed foods, and early detection through screening.