Uremia is the common outcome of various kidney diseases that continue to progress to the later stage. It is a clinical syndrome manifested by the retention of metabolites, imbalance of water, electrolyte, and acid-base, and symptoms of various systems throughout the body. The main manifestations of uremia include symptoms of the digestive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, neuromuscular system, etc. 1. Digestive system symptoms: Urease in the intestine decomposes urea into ammonia, stimulating the gastrointestinal mucosa to cause symptoms such as abdominal distension, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting; 2. Cardiovascular system symptoms: Hypertension is a common manifestation of uremia, which can be accompanied by arrhythmia, myocardial lesions, leading to heart failure, myocardial infarction, and pericarditis. It can also cause pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, manifesting as shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing up pink foamy sputum, pulmonary edema, etc.; 3. Respiratory system symptoms: It is the most common manifestation of uremia, which can cause cough, sputum production, pulmonary infection, etc., often indicating progressive worsening of the condition and poor prognosis; 4. Neuromuscular system symptoms: It is a severe complication of uremia, which can manifest as limb tremor, flapping tremor, and myoclonus, even coma. Most patients have abnormal electroencephalograms. With the progression of neuropathy, nerve fibers are severely damaged, resulting in a slowdown in sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity, and even paralysis; 5. Calcium and phosphorus metabolic disorder symptoms: Due to the elevation of parathyroid hormone caused by uremia, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia can occur. Due to the increase in blood calcium, limb twitching may occur, and secondary hyperparathyroidism may also occur, meaning that bone calcification can only be maintained through long-term dialysis; 6. Anemia: It is a common complication, manifesting as pale skin, mucosal paleness, and fatigue. Patients with uremia often have significant psychological barriers, prone to irritability, and due to excessive secondary parathyroid hormone and acidosis, they may develop anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms.
