What Is Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is a relatively common type of cancer that can be triggered by various factors. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemical radiation, and radiation from radioactive sources are among the potential causes. Additionally, genetic predisposition and papillomavirus infections may also contribute to the development of this malignancy, which poses a significant threat to human health. However, many people lack a comprehensive understanding of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. In this article, we will briefly explore the various causes and factors associated with this disease.
1. Prolonged Exposure to Sunlight: In 1948, Blum demonstrated that carcinogenic rays correspond to the portion of the solar spectrum with a wavelength of 290 to 320 nanometers. UV radiation from sunlight can damage DNA within cells and disrupt their repair mechanisms, leading to skin cancer. The melanin in the skin helps protect against UV damage, explaining why individuals with lighter skin tones are more susceptible to UV-related skin cancers. Additionally, habits like sunbathing can contribute to the higher incidence of these cancers.
2. Excessive Radiation Exposure: Chronic skin inflammation combined with excessive exposure to radiation can increase the risk of skin cancer. Individuals who regularly work with radioactive materials and lack adequate protective measures are also susceptible to developing skin cancers.
3. Chemical Irritants: Certain chemicals, such as arsenic and asphalt, can cause squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Workers who are regularly exposed to these substances, such as those who handle asphalt, have a significantly higher incidence of skin squamous cell carcinoma compared to the general population.
4. Sequelae of Chronic Skin Conditions: Certain chronic skin diseases, including lupus vulgaris, lupus erythematosus, mucosal leukoplakia, chronic ulcers or sinuses, burn scars, radiation dermatitis, chronic granulomatous verrucous epidermal dysplasia, chronic osteomyelitis, and atrophic sclerosing lichen planus, can predispose individuals to developing squamous cell carcinoma.
5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): HPV, particularly types 16, 18, 30, and 33, is a significant factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Immunosuppression and organ transplantation are also important contributing factors.
6. Genetic Factors: Genetics play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma. Certain inherited skin diseases, such as xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism, are associated with a higher incidence of this malignancy in affected individuals compared to the general population.
It is important to note that the incidence and prevalence of tongue squamous cell carcinoma may vary depending on various factors, including geographical location, environmental exposures, and lifestyle habits. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle, avoid excessive exposure to carcinogens, and seek medical attention promptly if any suspicious symptoms arise.
