What are the common types of stones found in the urinary system?

Urinary tract stones are a prevalent health concern. Common types of stones include calcium oxalate stones, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) stones, and carbonate apatite stones. The formation of these stones is often related to diet, genetic factors, and environmental factors. For patients, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly and receive targeted treatment based on the type of stone.

1. Calcium Oxalate Stones: These stones are primarily composed of oxalates and calcium salts and are commonly found in the renal pelvis and ureters. Their formation is closely related to diet, especially the intake of high-oxalate foods. Excessive consumption of spinach, chocolate, nuts, and other high-oxalate foods can lead to the accumulation of oxalates in the body and the formation of stones. To prevent calcium oxalate stones, it is recommended to choose light and easily digestible foods in daily diets, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, with apples and tomatoes being good options. Additionally, drinking plenty of water helps dilute urine, promote metabolism, and is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of stones.

2. Struvite Stones: These stones contain magnesium, phosphorus, and a small amount of calcium and typically occur in the kidneys and bladder. Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to their formation. For struvite stones, patients can use medications such as stone-passing granules and Jin Qian Cao granules under the guidance of a doctor. Consuming fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins, such as bananas, pitaya, kiwis, celery, and spinach, can also aid in the excretion of stones.

3. Carbonate Apatite Stones: This type of stone is a normal component of the human body and usually does not cause discomfort. However, long-term consumption of phosphate-rich foods may increase the risk of developing stones. If there are no obvious symptoms, regular follow-up examinations are usually sufficient. However, if pain occurs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac sodium sustained-release tablets and ibuprofen sustained-release capsules can be used to relieve it under a doctor's advice. Besides the aforementioned common types of stones, uric acid stones and calcium phosphate stones are also possible. Regardless of the type of stone, it is necessary to actively seek medical examination and receive targeted treatment. Many stone issues can be prevented and managed through reasonable diet and lifestyle adjustments.

Paying attention to one's health, undergoing regular physical examinations, and maintaining good living habits are effective strategies for preventing stones.