How small are the testicles in Klinefelters syndrome?

The testicles of Klinefelter syndrome patients are less than three centimeters after puberty. Klinefelter syndrome mainly refers to congenital hypogonadism, which can lead to male infertility and is a very common chromosomal abnormality. There is no abnormality in childhood, but when puberty comes, it will show symptoms such as pale skin, sparse pubic hair, short penis, etc. The size of the testicles may be normal. Klinefelter syndrome patients with congenital hypogonadism have no abnormalities in childhood, and often have abnormalities during adolescence or adulthood. Patients tend to be taller, with slender lower limbs, fine and pale skin, sparse pubic hair and beard, and often without axillary hair. They present a eunuchoid body type. About half of the patients have enlarged breasts on both sides. The external genitalia often appear normal for males, but the penis is shorter than that of normal males, and the testicles on both sides are significantly reduced, mostly less than 3cm, with firm texture, poor sexual function, and no sperm in semen. Patients often seek treatment due to infertility or poor sexual function. The intellectual development is normal or slightly lower. The cause of Klinefelter syndrome is that during the maturation and division of egg cells, the sex chromosomes do not separate, forming an egg containing two Xs. If this egg combines with a Y sperm, it forms a 47, XXY fertilized egg. If the spermatogenic cells do not separate XY during the first maturation division in the maturation process, XY sperm is formed, and this sperm can also form a 47, XXY fertilized egg when combined with an X egg. It is generally believed that the formation of most 47, XXY is caused by the non-separation of sex chromosomes during the maturation and division of eggs. The treatment of Klinefelter syndrome is long-term supplementation of male hormones to improve secondary sexual characteristics, but the effect is not ideal. Generally, testosterone propionate (testosterone propionate) or methyltestosterone (methyltestosterone) tablets are taken sublingually. More convenient is to give long-acting testosterone such as testosterone enanthate or testosterone cypionate. It can also be considered to give chorionic gonadotropin at the same time. Medication can only help masculinization to a certain extent, but it cannot change female-type breasts, so for those with enlarged breasts, the breast glands and adipose tissue in the breasts can be removed.