What are the causes of Menieres Syndrome?

The etiology of Meniere's Syndrome is unclear and subject to various interpretations. In 1938, Hallpike and Cairns identified the primary pathological change as endolymphatic hydrops, a finding confirmed by many scholars. However, it is difficult to explain how endolymphatic hydrops arises. Known causes include various infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses, injuries including mechanical or acoustic trauma, otosclerosis, syphilis, genetic factors, allergies, tumors, leukemia, and autoimmune diseases. De Sousa in 2002 referred to vestibular symptoms caused by endolymphatic hydrops due to known causes as Meniere's Syndrome. Meniere's Syndrome is considered an idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops. The pathogenesis of Meniere's Syndrome can be summarized as primary anatomical and physiological factors, secondary constitutional factors, and genetic factors. CT three-dimensional imaging of the vestibular aqueduct's outer diameter revealed that patients with Meniere's Syndrome have a narrower vestibular aqueduct with a smaller outer diameter compared to the normal group, suggesting that vestibular aqueduct stenosis or non-visualization may be a cause of the disease. Due to autonomic nervous dysfunction, increased sympathetic stress, and small vessel spasm in the inner ear, it leads to microcirculatory disturbances in the labyrinth, tissue hypoxia, and metabolite retention, forming endolymphatic hydrops. Some patients with Ménière's disease have hay fever, while others are associated with suspected allergic foods, leading to speculation that the disease is related to allergic reactions. Decreased adrenal cortical function can lead to decreased compensatory adaptability, which may be the basis for the cause of this disease.