"Can pregnancy occur during sex immediately after menstruation? Online consultation"

Having sex shortly after menstruation has ended may result in pregnancy, although the chances are relatively low. Generally, engaging in sexual activity three days after menstruation has ended and three days before menstruation begins is unlikely to lead to pregnancy, as these days are not during ovulation and the uterus lacks conditions for implantation. Additionally, having sex immediately after menstruation ends can result in some sperm and semen entering the female's bloodstream through the still-healing uterine cavity, stimulating the immune system and leading to the formation of sperm antibodies, which can cause immune-related infertility. Therefore, the likelihood of pregnancy after having sex shortly after menstruation is low.

If there is concern, a blood HCG test can be done at the hospital 10 days after sexual activity to confirm whether pregnancy has occurred. It is worth noting that immediately after menstruation ends, there may still be partially ruptured blood vessels and glands on the surface of the uterine cavity, and microvessels may still have bleeding. The new endometrium has also just begun to grow, indicating that it is not yet covered by epithelium. Although the wound surface may no longer be bleeding, it has not fully healed. Engaging in sexual activity during this time can mechanically damage the still-healing wound surface, leading to bleeding. Therefore, it is advisable for women to wait 2-3 days after menstruation has ended before engaging in sexual activity, which is more conducive to female reproductive health.

It is not recommended to engage in sexual activity shortly after menstruation has ended, as it can cause bleeding. This is because immediately after menstruation ends, there may still be partially ruptured blood vessels and glands on the surface of the uterine cavity, and microvessels may still have bleeding. The new endometrium has also just begun to grow, indicating that it is not yet covered by epithelium. Although the wound surface may no longer be bleeding, it has not fully healed. Engaging in sexual activity during this time can mechanically damage the still-healing wound surface, leading to bleeding. Additionally, during menstruation, the body's overall resistance decreases, and even after menstruation has ended, the body's resistance may not have fully recovered. Engaging in sexual activity during this time can introduce bacteria into the reproductive tract, leading to infections and various gynecological inflammations such as endometritis, salpingitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Furthermore, some menstrual secretions may also enter the male urethra, potentially causing urethritis.